Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrated frameworks that combine computational and physical processes to achieve complex tasks or objectives. These systems consist of interconnected hardware and software components designed to work in unison, often in real-time, to control or monitor physical elements. Examples of CPS include autonomous vehicles, industrial automation systems, smart grids, and medical monitoring devices. In a CPS, the cyber components—such as computer algorithms and network protocols—interact directly with the physical components, like sensors, actuators, and machinery, to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, and advanced sensor technology has significantly expanded the capabilities and applications of CPS, enabling more accurate data collection, smarter decision-making, and improved efficiency. However, the deeply interconnected nature of these systems also raises new challenges in terms of security, reliability, and scalability, making the design and management of CPS a complex, interdisciplinary endeavor.